To What Extent Can Cognitive Development Be Understood in...

2018 To what extent can cognitive development be understood in terms of the specialization of function in specific structures of the brain? Developmental cognitive neuropsychology seeks to understand and explain the relationship between the human brain and its function. One might consider the extent to which cognitive development can be understood in terms of the specialisation of function in specific structures of the brain. Two contrasting theories of functional specialisation will be presented, debating the means by which brain functions develop and contesting the influence environment bears upon the maturing brain. To enable exploration of this topic, an account of key concepts of brain development will be offered throughout. The†¦show more content†¦One example of this adaptation is captured by the Hebb rule (Hebb, 1949), in which synaptic adjustment between neurons activated by environmental stimulii leads directly to lowered synaptic resistance, and thus strengthening of neural pathways. The theory of selectionism (Changeux, 1985) further supports the epigenetic argument of Karmiloff-Smith, explaining the manner by which neural pathways become specialised, with preservation of frequently used paths, whilst dendritic connections in unused-pathways die out. Karmiloff-Smith’s principal argument for modularisation, however, relates to the flexibility of cognitive development, positing that the complexity of the human brain supports an epigenetic rationale (1992). Argument relating to brain plasticity in infants could be deemed to support this argument - whilst some brain regions are associated with particular cognitive functions, the concept of plasticity suggests the developing cortex can compensate for loss of function or damage during infancy to another cortical area[2]. Plasticity may not be epigenetic – a viewpoint exists that a determined genetic blue-print plans for the possibility of brain damage – however, the amount of encoded genetic material necessary to provide complex domain-specific functions renders epigenesis, and therefore modularisation, aShow MoreRelatedTheory of Multiple Intelligences3604 Words   |  15 Pagesintelligences The theory of multiple intelligences was proposed by Howard Gardner in 1983 as a model of intelligence that differentiates intelligence into various specific (primarily sensory) modalities[disambiguation needed], rather than seeing it as dominated by a single general ability. 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Buddhism in Ancient Korea The Impact - 1586 Words

Religion has been the reason for big changes in development in many cultures for many centuries. As religions grow within a society, inventions and social communication changes but these religions can take over the political power holding the society. The main religions introduced during Korea’s past are Shamanism, Daoism, and Confucianism, and Buddhism. Buddhism is the religion that changed the society of Korea the most in the ancient times. As Buddhism spread in Korea, great inventions were made, the power hold of Korea started leaning the religion, and the social beliefs changed. These changes had positive results in Korea, and helped Korea to become a proud country. Just like many other religions, it has have effect and it still has effect on many cultures. Buddhism is the religion that affected ancient Korea the most; to expand territory, claim power, unite kingdoms, and many other things. Shamanism, a very complex religion, is known to be one of the oldest religions still carried out. â€Å"The term shamanism comes from the Manchu-Tungus word Ã… ¡aman. The noun is formed from the verb Ã… ¡a- ‘to know’; thus, a shaman is literally â€Å"one who knows.†Ã¢â‚¬ (Britannica p2). Even though Shamanism has been present for a long time, the exact time period and what started this religion is still unknown. Shamanism is religious phenomenon centered on the shaman, a person believed to achieve various powers through trance or ecstatic religious experience. In this religion, objects in the world areShow MoreRelatedEssay on Three Kingdoms of Korea1031 Words   |  5 PagesPeriod of Korea The Three Kingdoms period of Korea is an important part of world history. This research paper will describe the three kingdoms of Korea, from 57 Before Common Era until 688 Common Era into the Unified Silla Kingdom period. The history and art from these periods will be discussed in order to show the impact it has had on the Korean culture. This paper will show the Influence China had when the Koreans created their empire and works of art. The Three Kingdoms period of Korea beganRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1557 Words   |  7 Pagesdancing entered the mainstream, circulating from the royal court to the public. With the unveiling of foreign religions such as Islam and Buddhism, rare and religious melodies were absorbed into Chinese music and were enjoyed by the Chinese people at fairs organized by many different groups. (Chinese Music, n.d.). Religion China is a multi-religious country. Buddhism, Taoism, Islamism, Catholicism, and Protestantism have all formed quite a following in this country. Freedom of belief is a governmentRead MoreChinese Culture And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1558 Words   |  7 Pagessinging entered the mainstream, circulating from the royal court to the public. With the unveiling of foreign religions such as Buddhism and Islam, rare and religious melodies were absorbed into Chinese music and were enjoyed by the Chinese people at fairs organized by religious temples (Chinese Music, n.d.). Religion China is a multi-religious country. Taoism, Buddhism, Islamism, Protestantism and Catholicism have all formed quite a following in this country. Freedom of belief is a government policyRead MoreLanguage Acquisition And Its Effects On The Country s Economy And Civil Considerations1555 Words   |  7 Pagesdancing entered the mainstream, circulating from the royal court to the public. 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Buddhism is by far the largest religion in China, significantly impacting their culture. Buddhism brought with it a whole new array of beliefs, such as a very detailed description of heaven and hell, the belief in reincarnation, and the idea of karma. Those three things made their way into the Chinese culture. A set of beliefs, called Confucianism

Blog on Management and Organization

Question: Discuss about the Blog on Management and Organization. Answer: Introduction: Henry Ford started his company The Ford Motor Company to manufacture cars very cheaply in partnership with Alexander Malcomson. His ideas were put to effect with the help of Fredrick Taylor who helped in the mass production in a cost-effective manner. The management principles taken up by Taylor were that he assigned people the tasks according to their capabilities. The careful arrangement of the parts that were produced and the final arrangement of the car played an important part for the growth of the company. Taylor made it a point that the smaller parts of the car could be moved from one place to another while the main body or the larger parts need to be stationary at one place (Witzel and Warner 2015). This enhanced the productivity level, as more cars were being able to be manufactured at a lesser time. The introduction of assembly line also helped the company to achieve the desired target, where people were stationed at one particular place to perform the desired task and the car would be pulled from one station to the next with the help of a rope. This helped in the mass production of the cars. Time constraints were also reduced as each car would require one and a half hour to get assembled. Employees were also well paid a t $5 a day, which ensured their honest efforts towards the company. To maintain discipline in the factory, trade unions were not entertained as they would hinder production, which did not give any job security to the employees (Vidal 2015). The idea of breaking down long tasks into short forms and assigning them to individuals was the key to success in the information technology company with which I was associated in the recent past, Accenture. The work culture had no progress, as there was a dearth of responsibilities in the organization. This resulted in the minimum output that the organization was facing. The time saving principle had to be in practice, which would have helped the organization to achieve its target and give benefits to the employees. The company gave 100% job security to its employees because they knew that to achieve high productivity levels, the employees should be taken care of nicely. In the modern era, workers of Europe, Australia or America would not adopt the principles of Taylor in its traditional form. The changes in the technology and the automation process have certainly established a new theory globally. Principles of Taylor need to be changed according to the changing environment to suit appropriately in the work culture. The call centres can adopt some of the principles. The work culture in a call centre is divided into different sectors according to the capabilities of the employees who specialize in those fields. The employees are ascertained the task according to the roles they play in the organization (Sinha and Gabriel 2016). These rules can be applied in some industries globally. For a start-up company, division of labor, incentives to employees are some of the positive impacts. Since these principles were developed almost a century age, their effects are long lasting and can be changed accordingly to suit the work culture in the organization (Janoski and Lepadatu 2014). Linear Programming Linear programming helps in finding out various inequalities relating to a situation and finding the next best alternative that can be applied under that given condition. An example of this can be labor management where the production levels can be maximized to achieve more profits by determining the best conditions using linear programming. It can be used as a checking tool to find out the preciseness of the decision that was taken by the managerial body (Fernandes-Blanco, Arroyo and Alguacil 2014). To ensure that the cattle has a good amount of food which needs to have some specific amount of protein and fat. The rancher needs to consider two brands to get the best results but at the same time reducing cost. Through the application of linear programming, the rancher can find out the best cost options and prefer which brand to take or to mix both brands at certain quantities to achieve the desired output. After the summation, has been done, it is seen that on mixing 2.4 units of Bra nd X and 1.2 units of Brand Y, the optimum value regarding cost can be achieved. The idea of comparing both products in order to maximize the profit has to be done for the company to benefit in the near future. The organization maintained a good labor management team for better output before I left Accenture. The CEO when interviewed had stated that the decision of the managerial body was to always maximize the profit while maintaining minimum cost. The advantages of using linear programming in an organization is that the problem can be solved in a scientific manner keeping in mind all the possible alternatives that are available which in turn helps in re-evaluation of the resources available which even affects the decision-making body. There is a lot of flexibility in gathering information about the problem and seeing that the factors which helps in production process is used in the optimum way. The decision-making body of an organization needs to keep these in mind for the smooth running of the organization (Angelelli et al. 2016). The limitations of linear programming are that to understand the objective in a mathematical form is an uphill task. If the objective function is determined then the forms of constraints such as social, financial constraints are difficult to identify. There is also a possibility that the function and the constraints may not be linear to each other. In order to find out the related values of the co-efficient, the determinants of the constraints that needs to be taken into account is a major issue (Kuhn 2014). The organization needs to make sure that the constraints are visible and needs to take those into account. The production output can only be maximized by taking a few inputs in the linear programming (Paris 2015). The production output can be increased by varying the factors of production. The alternatives need to be productive enough in order to change the current method under the linear programming method. The startup companies are very much required to follow linear programming as it will help them to choose the best factors of production in the market at the best possible price. Reference List Witzel, M. and Warner, M., 2015. Taylorism revisited: Culture, management theory and paradigm-shift.Cambridge Judge Business SchoolWorking paper number 01/2015. Vidal, M., 2015. Fordism and the Golden Age of Atlantic Capitalism.The SAGE Handbook of the Sociology of Work and Employment, p.283. Sinha, S. and Gabriel, Y., 2016. Call Centre Work: Taylorism with a Facelift.Re-Tayloring Management: Scientific Management a Century On, p.87. Janoski, T. and Lepadatu, D., 2014. What Was the Old Division of Labor?. InDominant Divisions of Labor: Models of Production That Have Transformed the World of Work(pp. 5-14). Palgrave Macmillan US. Fernndez-Blanco, R., Arroyo, J.M. and Alguacil, N., 2014. Consumer payment minimization under uniform pricing: A mixed-integer linear programming approach.Applied Energy,114, pp.676-686. Kuhn, H.W., 2014. Nonlinear programming: a historical view. InTraces and Emergence of Nonlinear Programming(pp. 393-414). Springer Basel. Angelelli, E., Morandi, V., Savelsbergh, M. and Speranza, M.G., 2016. System optimal routing of traffic flows with user constraints using linear programming. Paris, Q., 2015.An economic interpretation of linear programming. Springer.

Trade in Human Organs across Borders

Globalization has made it possible for people to participate in trade that takes place in different parts of the world. The emergence of the Internet has further enhanced globalization because transactions now take shorter durations to be completed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade in Human Organs across Borders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One trade that has been the subject of discussion in most places is whether the sale of organs should be legalized. This is a crucial issue considering the pros and cons of this trade. This paper will focus on this trade and explain why it should be legalized while highlighting the underlying problems associated with the trade. Perhaps it is the change in eating habits that has led to the emergence of illnesses that damage human organs such that they have to be removed from the body. Every organ in the human body has its function, and without it a person cannot live a normal life. For instance, one cannot do without eyes because it would be difficult for him/her to move around. Wiegand (2002) argues that while advocating for legalization of organ trade, we should look at it from a different perspective instead of looking at it as an economic activity. This is because, from the Christian perspective, when God created man, He gave man all the organs that would be necessary for survival and since the people who sell their body organs are adults they know very well that their lives would never be the same again. In fact, it should be called organ donation so that the attitude of making money from such an act can fade away. If someone decides to give out one of his/her body organs, it should be out of compassion for the other person who is suffering, and if there is any money to be given to the donor, it should be as a token of appreciation because sincerely human life is worth more than money and hence, there is no way someone can buy an organ. Ther e are so many people who are in dire need of a transplant, but since they cannot make their own artificial organs, purchasing is the only option that is available for them. Certainly, there are so many people who die every day after they have waited long enough to have organ transplants.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The demand for organs is very high and that is why governments are looking for sellers beyond their national borders in a bid to save lives (Stein, 2007). Organ trade should thus be legalized because even the people who came with this idea had good intentions of saving lives and it is only that some people are taking advantage of others. We cannot ban a plot to help the people in need of organs just because of the faults of a few individuals. For instance, by making the trade of organs illegal in countries like Australia, the government would imply that it does not care about the wellbeing of its citizens. It is not everybody who is willing to give out their organ because it has to come from the heart. The government should establish mechanisms that will prevent the act of organ donation from being commercialized. This will go a long way in bringing sanity in the medical field because people will be held accountable for their actions. When someone is faced with a challenge where he/she has to choose between life and death, that person would do anything just to live a few more days. This is evidenced by the fact that the patients are willing to pay the high amounts of money just to get the organ. According to McKinley (2008), people from poor countries sell their organs to meet their basic needs, and sometimes poor doctors speed the death of their patients to sell body organs. This suggests that governments from all over the world should address the causes of poverty such as unemployment. Most people who participate in the illegal sale of organs are in it for financial gain because they do not have other means of earning their daily bread. If proper mechanisms are put in place to monitor the process of obtaining organs from the donor to actual transplanting, people would follow legal procedures when getting organs from donors. Failure to legalize organ sale has made people to resort to forcefully getting the organs through dubious doctors, which has led to deaths of some people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trade in Human Organs across Borders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nima (2006) explains that money paid to the donors is meant to motivate people to participate actively in the donation exercise. This is because it is difficult for people to donate anything without any material gain. In addition, it would be easier for donors to participate when they do not know the recipient because sometimes people are reluctant to help the people they know due to the flaws that might have occurred earlier in their interactions. Similarly, by legalizing organ sale across boarders, the cost of having a transplant would go down because the supply of organs will be adequate hence patients will not have to pay hefty amounts of money like they currently do. Currently it is only the rich people who can afford to have a transplant, but legalizing organ sale will make it pocket friendly to all. This would further solve the organ shortage crisis that is being experienced now and would reduce patient mortality caused by the delay in carrying out the transplants. Besides, it is very unrealistic to allow people’s organs to rot as they are buried while they would have been used to save someone’s life. People should be given an opportunity to dictate what happens to their body organs once they die. On the contrary, those who are against the legalization of organ sale should also consider the positive side of this side and put the mselves into the state of patients who have been on transplant waiting list to get a clear picture of the situation. Before organ sale takes place, the donor should be informed in advance about the consequences he/she could face following the procedure. When all has been said and done, it is difficult to create a balance between the issue of money and generosity. This is because most donors make it look like it is a generous offer, but then others are influenced by the money paid by the recipient. Furthermore, the people who sell their organs illegally do not benefit from the counseling services that are provided to those who sell their organs legally. This is dangerous because they may not be in a position to cope with the outcomes that would follow the extraction of an organ from their body.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sadaqet (2006) points out that this is because they are nervous of getting caught by the authorities and hence, things are done hurriedly without observing safety measures. It has been said that greed is behind illegal organ sales because the donors are carried away by the little money that is paid and fail to consider the effects of their actions. The image of organ sellers is tainted by a few wealthy individuals who use their influence to exploit the poor in the society. This is because it is difficult for a rich person to donate an organ to a fellow rich person because both cannot swallow their pride. When it comes to cross-border sales, those who think that the rich countries are misusing the poor nations by requesting them to participate in organ sales should think otherwise because we are yet to see someone who complains when the same rich nations lend money to the poor nations for free. Therefore, the only way this problem of exploitation can be solved is to establish standar ds that have to be adhered to by any persons who wish to sell their organs. Some of the considerations include the donor’s level of income, but then people who are wealthy would sell their organs at a high price because they are not desperate for money like their counterparts on the low end. When the poor are prevented from participating in the trade implies that they are denied the right to engage in money generating business. Alternatively, the organ regulatory body should set the standard rates that should be paid to any donor regardless of their geographical location. Zargooshi (2001) argues that for organ trade to be successful, the donors should be vetted to ensure that they are in good health and the ones who are found with medical problems should not be allowed to give out their organs because they may put their lives at risk besides offering faulty organs. Religious leaders should encourage their followers to donate organs as a way of helping the needy. There are som e countries where inmates are forced to donate their organs, but when one of them needs an organ transplant they cannot get it. This is double standards because inmates are human just like everybody else. In conclusion, more efforts should be directed towards increasing the number of donors because in countries like Australia, the number of recipients waiting for the organs is still high. More donors should be brought on board through awareness campaigns through the media and other modes of communication. Moreover, donating organs fosters unity in the society because people establish strong bonds when they know that they depend on one another for their survival. We all know that someday we shall die and it would be better if we made arrangements on how our body organs should be used after we are gone because if we do not give, the required authorization conflicts would arise. Fulfillment in life comes after one knows that he/she made a positive impact on someone’s life. Polit ical leaders should be on the frontline of campaigning for organ donation because they are very influential and hence, there should be trade in human organs across boarders. References McKinley, J. (2008, February 27). Surgeon Accused of Speeding a Death to get Organs. The New York Times. Nima, S. (2006, October 31). Iran’s Desperate Kidney Traders. BBC News. Sadaqet, J. (2006, November 12). Poor Pakistanis Donate Kidneys for Money. The Washington Post. Web. Stein, R. (2007, September 13). New Zeal in Organ Procurement Raises Fears. The Washington Post. Web. Wiegand, S. (2002, January 25). State Inmate gets New Heart; ‘Medically Necessary Care’ is required by Law, an Official Says. The Sacramento Bee. Zargooshi, J. (2001). Quality of life of Iranian Kidney Donors. Journal of Urology, 166(5), 1790-9. This essay on Trade in Human Organs across Borders was written and submitted by user Makhi Smith to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.